Guide to Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent

Derbent (Dagestan, Russia) is a city rich in history and architectural wonders, particularly its citadel, ancient city, and fortress buildings. This guide aims to provide valuable information for tourists who wish to explore this historical gem.

Overview

Derbent, located on the shores of the Caspian Sea, is one of the oldest cities in Russia, with a history dating back more than 2,500 years. The city was strategically important due to its geographical location on the Silk Road and has been ruled by various civilizations, including Persians, Romans, and Arabs, leaving behind a unique blend of cultures reflected in its architecture.

The Citadel (Derbentskaya Krezhchata)

The citadel of Derbent is one of the city’s most significant historical sites. Constructed by King Khosrov I Anushavan (Armenia, 3rd century AD), it was later fortified and expanded by the Romans and Persians. The current structure dates back to the 19th century.

The citadel offers panoramic views of Derbent and the Caspian Sea. Inside, you’ll find the Naryn-Kala archaeological site, which includes the ruins of a church, mosque, and palace from different eras. The site also houses a small museum with artifacts dating back to various historical periods.

Ancient City (Staroye Derbent)

Staroye Derbent is an open-air archaeological complex located just outside the modern city of Derbent. This ancient city was established by Persians in the 5th century BC and served as the capital of Albania, a region that included parts of present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Dagestan.

The most prominent structure in Staroye Derbent is the St. Theodore Church, built during the Byzantine period. Nearby, you’ll find the remains of the Albanian Palace, a Persian fire temple, and a Zoroastrian cemetery.

Fortress Buildings

Derbent has several other fortress buildings that are worth visiting:

1. Khirken-Kala: This fortress dates back to the 6th century AD and was part of the Persian defensive system against invading nomadic tribes. The ruins include a palace, mosque, and defensive walls with towers.

2. Sarir-Kala: Also known as the Fortress of Lions, Sarir-Kala is located on a hill near the Caspian Sea. It was built during the 10th century AD and served as an observation post and fortification against invaders. The fortress features two lions carved into the stone gate.

3. Torkham-Kala: Constructed in the 8th–9th centuries AD, this fortress was part of the Arab defensive system against Byzantine invasions. Today, it serves as a museum dedicated to the history and culture of Dagestan.

Practical Information

• Derbent can be reached by train, bus, or car from Makhachkala (the capital of Dagestan) or other major cities in Russia.
• The best time to visit Derbent is from May to October when the weather is mild and pleasant for sightseeing.
• Entrance fees vary for each site, but they are generally reasonable and affordable.
• Guided tours are available at most historical sites for those who want a more in-depth understanding of Derbent’s history and culture.
• Accommodation options range from budget hotels to guesthouses within the city. It is recommended to book in advance during peak travel seasons.
• Local cuisine includes kebabs, dolma (stuffed vine leaves), and khinkali (georgian dumplings). Don’t forget to try the delicious Dagestani tea!

Derbent offers a unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty that will captivate any traveler. By exploring its citadel, ancient city, and fortress buildings, you will embark on an unforgettable journey through time.