Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda Bihar

Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara: A Comprehensive Guide for Tourists

Overview

Nalanda Mahavihara, located in the district of Nalanda, Bihar, India, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an architectural masterpiece that once served as a major center of Buddhist learning from the 5th to the 12th centuries. This ancient monastery complex attracts millions of visitors each year who come to explore its rich history, unique architecture, and peaceful ambiance.

History

  • Establishment (5th–6th Century): The Nalanda University was established during the reign of Gupta Emperor SK Gupta around the 5th century AD. It was built as a Buddhist monastery dedicated to the study and propagation of Mahayana Buddhism.
  • Golden Age (7th–12th Century): During this period, Nalanda Mahavihara flourished under the patronage of various emperors such as Harsha, Kumaragupta III, and Pala kings. The university attracted scholars and students from across Asia, making it a hub for knowledge and cultural exchange.
  • Decline (12th Century): The university was destroyed by the Turkic ruler Bakhtiyar Khilji in 12th century AD, marking the end of this grand institution.
  • Rediscovery and Archaeological Excavation: The site was rediscovered in the early 19th century, and systematic archaeological excavations began in the mid-20th century. The present-day structures are the result of ongoing restoration efforts since the late 1950s.

Architecture

Nalanda Mahavihara consists of a series of temples, monasteries, stupas, and other buildings spread over an area of approximately 14 hectares. The architecture is characterized by its brick construction, intricate carvings, and harmonious blending of Hindu, Buddhist, and local architectural styles.

Notable Structures

  1. Stupa No.1: This stupa, located at the eastern end of the complex, was constructed around the 3rd century AD and served as a reliquary for Buddhist relics. It is one of the oldest structures at Nalanda Mahavihara.
  2. Kutagarya Chaitya: This square-shaped chaitya (temple) contains intricate carvings depicting Jataka tales, Buddha’s life, and various Hindu deities. It is believed to have been used as a lecture hall during the university’s heyday.
  3. Ratna-Garbha Stupa: The Ratna-Garbha Stupa, located in the center of the complex, was constructed around the 10th century AD and contains an idol of Buddha. It is considered one of the most important structures at Nalanda Mahavihara.
  4. Monasteries (Viharas): The monasteries were residential buildings for monks and students, with separate quarters for scholars, kitchens, dining halls, libraries, and classrooms. Some of these buildings still stand, showcasing the intricate brickwork and stone carvings characteristic of Nalanda architecture.
  5. Tanks (Nyagrodha Tank): The tanks at Nalanda Mahavihara served multiple purposes, including providing water for irrigation, bathing, and religious ceremonies. The Nyagrodha tank is the largest and best preserved among them.

Visitor Information

  • Location: Nalanda Mahavihara is located approximately 98 km south of Patna, Bihar’s capital city. It can be easily reached by road or rail.
  • Timings: The site is open for visitors from sunrise to sunset every day. However, it is recommended to visit during the early morning or late afternoon to avoid the heat and crowds.
  • Entry Fee: There is an entry fee for foreign tourists (INR 500) and domestic tourists (INR 30). Camera charges may apply separately.
  • Guided Tours: Guided tours are available at the site, which provide valuable insights into the history, architecture, and significance of Nalanda Mahavihara. It is recommended to avail this service for a more enriching experience.
  • Facilities: Restrooms, drinking water, and shops selling souvenirs are available on-site. There are no food facilities within the complex, so visitors should plan accordingly.

Tips for Tourists

  1. Wear comfortable shoes as the site involves a fair amount of walking.
  2. Carry sunscreen, sunglasses, hats, and water to protect against the heat and sun.
  3. Respect the historical significance and serene atmosphere of the site by maintaining silence and following any rules or instructions provided by the staff.
  4. Take photos but do not touch or damage any of the structures or artifacts at Nalanda Mahavihara.
  5. Explore nearby attractions such as Rajgir, Bodh Gaya, and Vaishali to make your trip more comprehensive and memorable.